SUMPAH PEMUDA

Youth Pledge is authentic evidence that on 28 October 1928 the Indonesian nation was born, therefore it should have all the Indonesian people commemorate the momentum of 28 October as a day of birth of the Indonesian nation, the birth of the Indonesian nation is the fruit of the struggle of people oppressed for hundreds of years under the rule of colonialists at the time, conditions of oppression is what then encouraged the youth at that time to resolve to appoint Harkat and Dignity of People Living Indonesian Original, determination that is the commitment of the Indonesian people struggle to successfully achieve its independence 17 years later ie on 17 August 1945.

The formulation of the Youth Pledge was written Moehammad Yamin on a paper when Mr. Sunario, as a messenger of scouting the middle of a speech at the last session of Congress. Oath was originally read by Soegondo and then explained at length by Yamin.

Contents Pemudua OathFirstWe the sons and daughters of Indonesia, one who confesses blood bertoempah, Indonesian soil.SecondWe the sons and daughters of Indonesia, who confesses one nation, the Indonesian nation.ThirdWe the sons and daughters of Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng language of unity, the Indonesian language.Youth Pledge Modified version of Spelling Yang:FirstOur sons and daughters of Indonesia, admitted that one bertumpah blood, the homeland of Indonesia.SecondOur sons and daughters of Indonesia, admitted that one nation, the Indonesian nation.ThirdOur sons and daughters of Indonesia, uphold the national language, Indonesian.
Indonesian Youth Congress
Second Congress of Indonesian YouthThe idea of organizing the Second Youth Congress comes from the Student Association of Indonesian Students (GN), a youth organization which membered students from all over Indonesia. On the initiative GN, congresses held in three different buildings and divided in three meetings.The first meeting, Saturday, October 27, 1928, in Building Katholieke Jongenlingen Bond (KJB), Waterlooplein (Banteng Square now.) In his speech, chairman GN Sugondo Djojopuspito hope the conference will strengthen the spirit of unity in the hearts of youth. The event was followed by a description Moehammad Yamin on the meaning and relationship of unity with youth. According to him, there are five factors that can strengthen the unity of Indonesia, namely the history, languages, customary law, education, and willingnessThe second meeting, Sunday, October 28, 1928, in Oost-Java Bioscoop Building, to discuss education issues. Second speaker, Poernomowoelan and Sarmidi Mangoensarkoro, argued that children should receive education nationality, must also be a balance between education at school and at home. Children also should be educated in a democratic manner.At the closing meeting, on Clubgebouw Indonesische building on Jalan Raya Kramat 106, Sunario explain the importance of nationalism and democracy in addition to scouting movement. While Ramelan argues, the scouting movement can not be separated from the national movement. Scouting movement since the early to educate children and self-discipline, the things that are needed in the struggle.Before the congress closed played the song "Indonesia Raya" by Wage Rudolf Supratman who played with the violin without poetry, on the advice Sugondo to Supratman. The song was greeted with a very lively by Congress participants. Congress was closed by announcing the formulation of the congress. By the youth in attendance, it is pronounced as an oath formula Faithful.
ParticipantsSecond Youth Congress participants come from various representatives of youth organizations that exist at the time, such as Jong Java, Jong Ambon, Jong Celebes, Jong Batak, Jong Sumatranen Bond, Bond Islamieten Jong, Sekar Pillars, GN, Youth The Betawi, etc.. Among them there were also some Chinese youth as an observer, namely Oey Kay Siang, John Lauw Tjoan Hok and Tjio Djien Kwie but until now unknown background organization that sent them. Meanwhile, Thiam Kwee Hiong was present as a representative of the Jong Sumatranen Bond. Initiated by the AR Baswedan arab descent youth in Indonesia, held a congress in Semarang and extol the Youth Pledge of Arab descent.
BuildingBuilding on Jalan Raya Kramat 106, recited the Pledge of Youth, is a lodging house for students and students belonging Sie Kok Liong.Building 106 was renovated Kramat Jakarta Government 3 April to 20 May 1973 and inaugurated Governor of DKI Jakarta, Ali Sadikin, on May 20, 1973 as a Youth Pledge Building. This building was re-inaugurated by President Soeharto on May 20, 1974. In the course of history, never managed the Youth Pledge Building Jakarta Government, and is currently managed by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

Simak

Baca secara fonetik

Differences of opinion about antiquity youth with today's youth

I think, young man antiquity more can be said to participate in pioneering independence ..while the youth of today,, to commemorate and honor the heroes first they did not have time,, what else to participate in a pioneering independence someday when our freedom taken away again by the invaders ..

 

Bukittinggi City

The city of Bukittinggi is one of the city in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia.

The city was formerly called Fort de Kock, and was once also dubbed with Parisj van Sumatra in addition to the city of Medan. And the city of Bukittinggi was also once the capital of Indonesia.

City which is the hometown of one of the Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia, is a heritage town famous for its Clock Tower, a landmark in the heart of the city that shaped the height of the clock like Big Ben, and became a symbol for the city which is also located on the edge of a valley named Canyon Sianok.
In addition, the city of Bukittinggi is also famous as a tourist city cool temperate, and siblings (sister city) with the Seremban Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia.

History
Bukittinggi city began to stand in line with the arrival of the Dutch who later founded the fort in 1825 during the Padri War in one of the hill contained in this town, known as the fortress Fort de Kock, who as well as a resting place for officers who are in the area colonies. Later in the reign of the Dutch East Indies, this area always increased role in state administration which later developed into a Stadsgemeente (city), and also served as the capital Afdeeling Padangsche Bovenlanden and Onderafdeeling Oud Agam.

During the Japanese occupation, the town of Bukittinggi serve as the central control of its military government for the Sumatra region, even to Singapore and Thailand, where in this city is the seat of the military commander to 25 Kenpeitai, under the leadership of Major General Hirano Toyoji. And the town changed its name from Fort de Kock Stadsgemeente be Bukittinggi The Yaku Sho, whose land extended to include village-like surrounding villages Sianok Anam Tribe, Gadut, Kapau, Ampang Tower, Bukit Batu Taba and Batabuah. And now the villages-villages are entered into the territory of Agam District. And in this city the Japanese army established the largest radio transmitter to the island of Sumatra in order to raise the spirit of the people to support the interests of the Greater East Asia War Japanese version.

At times defend the independence of Indonesia, the city serves as the city struggles Bukitinggi, where on 19 December 1948, the city is designated as the capital city of Indonesia after the Yogyakarta fall into the hands of the Dutch or known by the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI). And then the event was designated a State-Defense Day, based on Presidential Decree No. 28 of 2006 dated December 18, 2006.

Furthermore, the town of Bukittinggi was also the provincial capital of Sumatra with its governor Mr. Tengku Muhammad Hasan.
Bukittinggi city was established by Law No. 9 Year 1956 on the establishment of an autonomous region within the major cities of the province of Central Sumatra that period, which covers the province of West Sumatra, Jambi, Riau and Riau Islands now.

Although after the issuance of Government Regulation no. 84 of 1999 as a new legal basis for local government town of Bukittinggi, but their implementation is still not yet implemented.
Mosque Bengkudu with the surrounding pool near Bukittinggi, one of the oldest mosque in Indonesia. Photo collection of Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam.
Geography
Bukittinggi city surrounded by three volcanoes of Mount Singgalang, Mount Marapi and Mount Sago, and located at an altitude of 909-941 meters above sea level. The city is also berhawa cool with temperatures ranging between 16.1 - 24.9 ° C. While the total area of the current town of Bukittinggi (25.24 km ²), 82.8% have been allocated to cultivation of land, while the remaining protected forests.

Governance
Boundary region is surrounded by the city government Agam district, and never happened konfik between the two governments are in dispute over territory. This was started after the release of Government Regulation no. 84 of 1999 on changes in city boundaries Bukittinggi and Agam district, where the government regulation (PP) is an area of the town of Bukittinggi increased to 145.29,90 km ².

But as government reform, which granted broad autonomy to the district and the city, emerged from the public rejection Agam district of expansion and development of the city of Bukittinggi. For people who enter into Agam district expansion area of this city, feel loss because with the return of the implementation of village governance model is more promising, than are in the village. Besides that, there are assumptions, people who have heterogeneous city would also tend to give effect to indigenous traditions and the wealth that had been owned by the village.
Clock Tower
Population
The city is the most populous city in the province of West Sumatra, with a total workforce of about 52,631 people and 3845 people of whom are unemployed. The city is dominated by ethnic Minangkabau, but there are also ethnic Chinese, Javanese and Batak.

Education
Since the Dutch colonial era, this city has become a center of education on the island of Sumatra, starting in 1872, with the establishment Kweekschool Inlandsche Onderwijzers voor (school teachers for teachers bumiputera) or also known as king of the school, which subsequently developed into volksschool or school people. Then in 1912 came Holandsch Inlandsche School (HIS), which continued with the founding of the Civil Schools School voor Opleiding Inlandsch Ambtenaren (OSVIA) in 1918. And in 1926 have also been established in the town of Bukittinggi MULO.
And in the early days of independence in this city once stood Polwan and cadet school and the school's first Civil Services in Indonesia, even Andalas University was first established in the town of Bukittinggi.

Health
Bukittinggi city already has a good health service in the city with an area where relatively little has 5 hospitals they are 3 and 2 government-owned private health clinic supported by 5 and 6 mobile health center and 15 health centers. District General Hospital Dr. Achmad Mochtar hospital owned by the government is type B with excellence service for stroke.

Nexus
Bukittinggi city located in strategic positions that can be connected with several other cities including the cities that are outside the province of West Sumatra, such as the city of Pekanbaru and Medan, and a town through which the Trans Central Sumatra. Previously, the city is traversed by the railway from the city Payakumbuh toward the city of Padang, but now no longer active.

The city has a land transport freight terminal called Terminal Aur Kuning. For transportation within the city, available means of public transportation other than a microbus and hansom cab (horse carriages).
Economy
From the point of view of economists that economic growth can increase incomes and reduce poverty, this is what the city government mengenjot Bukittinggi spawned several programs to alleviate poverty among the training increased diversification in the form of training and skills enhancement training embroidery kebaya-making, as well as growing new entrepreneurial . It is very supportive to make the town of Bukittinggi as one of the main objectives in the field of trade on the island of Sumatra. Apart from a small area, the trade sector is one option to increase income per capita for this city.
Wholesale trade center for goods located in the town of Bukittinggi convection Aur Kuning Market. While the area around the Clock Tower there are also some liquid markets such as ateh Market, Market and Market Down Slope, where some results here also sell handicrafts and souvenirs typical of Minangkabau, in addition to culinary tours are widely available in Los Lambuang - Slope Market.

Sports Field Sports Wirabraja
Bukittinggi city community loved riding, and every year the city held a contest in Bukit Ambacang horse racing, which has been held since 1889.

Tourism Bridge Limpapeh
Development of tourism is one of the leading sectors for the town of Bukittinggi, the many exciting attractions, making this city is also dubbed as the "city tour". Currently in the town of Bukittinggi has been there about 60 hotels and 15 travel agencies. The hotels are located in the town of Bukittinggi, among others, The Hills (formerly Novotel), hotels Pusako, and so forth.

Valley Sianok canyon is one of the main tourist attraction. Panorama Park located in the town of Bukittinggi allows tourists to see the beautiful scenery Sianok canyon. Panorama Park In the cave there is also a former Japanese soldier hiding during World War II, called as the 'hole of Japan'.
In the Garden there Kanduang Bundo Tower replica house that serves as a museum of Minangkabau culture, the zoo and the fortress Fort de Kock is connected by a pedestrian bridge called the Bridge Limpapeh. Limpapeh pedestrian bridge above the road A. Yani which is the main street in the town of Bukittinggi

Pengertian Topologi Jaringan

Pengertian Topologi Jaringan

 Topologi jaringan adalah bagian yang menjelaskan hubungan antar komputer yang di bangun berdasarkan kegunaan, keterbatasan resource dan keterbatasan biaya, berarti topologi-topologi jaringan yang ada bisa disesuaikan dengan keadaan di lapangan.
Topologi jaringan ada beberapa bentuk sebagai berikut:

1. Topologi Bus

Topologi ini adalah topologi yang awal di gunakan untuk menghubungkan komputer. Dalam topologi ini masing masing komputer akan terhubung ke satu kabel panjang dengan beberapa terminal, dan pada akhir dari kable harus di akhiri dengan satu terminator. Topologi ini sudah sangat jarang digunakan didalam membangun jaringan komputer biasa karena memiliki beberapa kekurangan diantaranya kemungkinan terjadi nya tabrakan aliran data, jika salah satu perangkat putus atau terjadi kerusakan pada satu bagian komputer maka jaringan langsung tidak akan berfungsi sebelum kerusakan tersebut di atasi.

Topologi ini awalnya menggunakan kable Coaxial sebagai media pengantar data dan informasi. Tapi pada saat ini topologi ini di dalam membangun jaringan komputer dengan menggunakan kabal serat optik ( fiber optic) akan tetapi digabungkan dengan topologi jaringan yang lain untuk memaksimalkan performanya.

2. Topologi Cincin

Topologi cincin atay yang sering disebut dengan ring topologi adalah topologi jaringan dimana setiap komputer yang terhubung membuat lingkaran. Dengan artian setiap komputer yang terhubung kedalam satu jaringan saling terkoneksi ke dua komputer lainnya sehingga membentuk satu jaringan yang sama dengan bentuk cincin.

Adapun kelebihan dari topologi ini adalah kabel yang digunakan bisa lebih dihemat. Tetapi kekurangan dari topologi ini adalah pengembangan jaringan akan menjadi susah karena setiap komputer akan saling terhubung.

3. Topologi Token Ring

Topologi ini hampir sama dengan topologi ring akan tetapi pembuatannya lebih di sempurnakan. Bisa di lihat dari perbedaan gambar.

Didalam gambar jelas terlihat bagaimana pada token ring kable penghubung di buat menjadi lingkaran terlebih dahulu dan nantinya akan di buatkan terminal-terminal untuk masing-masing komputer dan perangkat lain.

4. Topologi Bintang

Topologi bintang atau yang lebih sering disebut dengan topologi star. Pada topologi ini kita sudah menggunakan bantuan alat lain untuk mengkoneksikan jaringan komputer. Contoh alat yang di pakai disini adalah hub, switch, dll.

Pada gambar jelas terlihat satu hub berfungsi sebagai pusat penghubung komputer-komputer yang saling berhubungan. Keuntungan dari topologi ini sangat banyak sekali diantaranya memudahkan admin dalam mengelola jaringan, memudahkan dalam penambahan komputer atau terminal, kemudahan mendeteksi kerusakan dan kesalahan pada jaringan. Tetapi dengan banyak nya kelebihan bukan dengan artian topologi ini tanpa kekurangan. Kekurangannya diantaranya pemborosan terhadap kabel, kontrol yang terpusat pada hub terkadang jadi permasalahan kritis kalau seandainya terjadi kerusakan pada hub maka semua jaringan tidak akan bisa di gunakan.

5. Topologi Pohon

Topologi pohon atau di sebut juga topologi hirarki dan bisa juga disebut topologi bertingkat merupakan topologi yang bisa di gunakan pada jaringan di dalam ruangan kantor yang bertingkat.

Pada gambar bisa kita lihat hubungan antar satu komputer dengan komputer lain merupakan percabangan dengan hirarki yang jelas.sentral pusat atau yang berada pada bagian paling atas merupakan sentral yang aktiv sedangkan sentral yang ada di bawahnya adalah sentral yang pasif.